Is Makeup From World Wide Authentic

History of cosmetics in cultures

The history of cosmetics spans at least 7,000 years and is present in almost every society on earth. Cosmetic body art is argued to accept been the earliest course of a ritual in human being culture. The evidence for this comes in the form of utilised red mineral pigments (ruddy ochre) including crayons associated with the emergence of Homo sapiens in Africa.^{[1] [2] [iii] [4] [five] [half dozen]} Cosmetics are mentioned in the One-time Testament—2 Kings 9:30 where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and the volume of Esther describes various dazzler treatments likewise.

Cosmetics were also used in ancient Rome, although much of Roman literature suggests that information technology was frowned upon. It is known that some women in ancient Rome invented brand up including lead-based formulas, to whiten the pare, and kohl to line the eyes.^[7]

Beyond the globe [edit]

North Africa [edit]

Egypt [edit]

One of the earliest cultures to use cosmetics was aboriginal Egypt, where both Egyptian men and women used makeup to enhance their appearance. The use of cosmetics in Ancient Egypt is well documented. Kohl has its roots in northward Africa. The employ of black kohl eyeliner and eyeshadows in dark colours such as blue, red, and blackness was common, and was commonly recorded and represented in Egyptian art, every bit well as being seen in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Aboriginal Egyptians too extracted red dye from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some bromine mannite,^{[ vague ]} merely this dye resulted in serious illness. Lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially made using a pearlescent substance constitute in fish scales, which are still used extensively today.^[eight] Despite the hazardous nature of some Egyptian cosmetics, ancient Egyptian makeup was also thought to have antibacterial properties that helped prevent infections.^[nine] Remedies to treat wrinkles contained ingredients such equally glue of frankincense and fresh moringa. For scars and burns, a special ointment was made of red ochre, kohl, and sycamore juice. An alternative handling was a poultice of carob grounds and love, or an ointment made of knotgrass and powdered root of wormwood. To improve breath the ancient Africans chewed herbs or frankincense which is still in use today. Jars of what could be compared with setting lotion have been plant to contain a mixture of beeswax and resin. These doubled as remedies for problems such every bit baldness and greying hair. They besides used these products on their mummies, because they believed that information technology would make them irresistible in the after life.

Middle East [edit]

Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament, such as in 2 Kings 9:xxx, where the biblical effigy Jezebel painted her eyelids (approximately 840 BC). Cosmetics are also mentioned in the book of Esther, where beauty treatments are described.

Asia [edit]

Cathay [edit]

Flowers play an important decorative role in People's republic of china. Legend has it that once on the 7th twenty-four hour period of the 1st lunar calendar month, while Princess Shouyang, daughter of Emperor Wu of Liu Song, was resting under the eaves of Hanzhang Palace near the plum copse later on wandering in the gardens, a plum flower drifted down onto her fair face, leaving a floral imprint on her forehead that enhanced her beauty further.^{[10] [xi] [12]} The court ladies were said to exist so impressed, that they started decorating their ain foreheads with a pocket-size fragile plum blossom blueprint.^{[x] [11] [13]} This is too the mythical origin of the floral fashion, meihua zhuang ^[11] (梅花妝; literally "plum bloom makeup"), that originated in the Southern Dynasties (420–589) and became pop amongst ladies in the Tang (618–907) and Vocal (960–1279) dynasties.^{[13] [xiv]}

Mongolia [edit]

Women of royal families painted scarlet spots on the middle of their cheeks, correct under their eyes. Yet, it is a mystery why.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Japan [edit]

A maiko in the Gion district of Kyoto, Nihon, in total make-up. The style of the lipstick indicates that she is still new.

In Japan, geisha wore lipstick made of crushed safflower petals to paint the eyebrows and edges of the optics every bit well equally the lips, and sticks of bintsuke wax, a softer version of the sumo wrestlers' pilus wax, were used by geisha as a makeup base. Rice powder colors the face up and back; rouge contours the middle socket and defines the nose.^{[fifteen] [ unreliable source? ]} Ohaguro (black paint) colours the teeth for the ceremony, called Erikae, when maiko (apprentice geisha) graduate and become contained. The geisha would too sometimes use bird droppings to compile a lighter color.

Western Asia [edit]

Cosmetics were used in Persia and what today is Iran from aboriginal periods.^{[ citation needed ]} Kohl is a black powder that is used widely beyond the Persian Empire. It is used equally a powder or smeared to darken the edges of the eyelids like to eyeliner.^[16] Afterward Persian tribes converted to Islam and conquered those areas, in some areas cosmetics were only restricted if they were to disguise the real await in order to mislead or crusade uncontrolled want.^{[ citation needed ]} In Islamic law, despite these requirements, there is no absolute prohibition on wearing cosmetics; the cosmetics must not exist fabricated of substances that damage one'due south body.

An early on teacher in the 10th century was Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, or Abulcasis, who wrote the 24-volume medical encyclopedia Al-Tasrif. A chapter of the 19th volume was dedicated to cosmetics. As the treatise was translated into Latin, the cosmetic chapter was used in the West. Al-Zahrawi considered cosmetics a branch of medicine, which he called "Medicine of Beauty" (Adwiyat al-Zinah). He deals with perfumes, scented aromatics and incense. There were perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds, perhaps the earliest antecedents of nowadays-day lipsticks and solid deodorants. He likewise used oily substances called Adhan for medication and adornment.^{[ citation needed ]}

Europe [edit]

Cultures to use cosmetics include the ancient Greeks^{[17] [18]} and the Romans. In the Roman Empire, the employ of cosmetics was common amidst prostitutes and rich women. Such adornment was sometimes lamented by sure Roman writers, who idea it to be against the castitas required of women by what they considered traditional Roman values; and later by Christian writers who expressed similar sentiments in a slightly different context. Pliny the Elder mentioned cosmetics in his Naturalis Historia, and Ovid wrote a book on the topic.

Pale faces were a trend during the European Middle Ages. In the 16th century, women would bleed themselves to attain pale skin. Spanish prostitutes wore pink makeup to contrast pale pare.^{[ citation needed ]} 13th century Italian women wore blood-red lipstick to show that they were upper class.^[xix] Use of cosmetics connected in Middle Ages, where the confront was whitened and the cheeks rouged;^[20] during the later 16th century in the West, the personal attributes of the women who used makeup created a demand for the product among the upper class.^{[ vague ] [20]} Cosmetics continued to exist used in the following centuries, though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout time, with the utilise of cosmetics being openly frowned upon at many points in Western history. In the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly declared makeup improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors,^[21] with many famous actresses of the fourth dimension, such equally Sarah Bernhardt and Lillie Langtry using makeup.

19th century style ethics of women appearing delicate, feminine and pale were accomplished by some through the use of makeup, with some women discreetly using rouge on their cheeks and drops of belladonna to dilate their optics to announced larger. Though cosmetics were used discreetly past many women, makeup in Western cultures during this time was generally frowned upon, particularly during the 1870s, when Western social etiquette increased in rigidity. Teachers and clergywomen specifically were forbidden from the apply of cosmetic products.

The Americas and Australia [edit]

Some Native American tribes painted their faces for ceremonial events or battle.^{[ commendation needed ]} Similar practices were followed by Aboriginals in Australia.

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the U.s.a. and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, talk over the issue on the talk folio, or create a new article, every bit advisable. (Nov 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template bulletin)

19th century [edit]

During the late 1800s, the Western cosmetics industry began to grow due to a rising in "visual self-awareness," a shift in the perception of colour cosmetics, and improvements in the rubber of products.^[22] Prior to the 19th century, limitations in lighting engineering science and access to reflective devices stifled people'due south power to regularly perceive their appearance. This, in turn, limited the need for a corrective market and resulted in individuals creating and applying their own products at domicile. Several technological advancements in the latter half of the century, including the innovation of mirrors, commercial photography, marketing and electricity in the home and in public, increased consciousness of 1'due south advent and created a demand for cosmetic products that improved one's image.^[23]

Face powders, rouges, lipstick and similar products fabricated from home were found to have toxic ingredients, which deterred customers from their use. Discoveries of non-toxic corrective ingredients, such as Henry Tetlow'southward 1866 utilize of zinc oxide as a face pulverization, and the distribution of cosmetic products past established companies such equally Rimmel, Guerlain, and Hudnut helped popularize cosmetics to the broader public.^[23] Skincare, along with "face up painting" products like powders, also became in-demand products of the cosmetics industry. The mass advertisements of cold cream brands such every bit Swimming'southward through billboards, magazines, and newspapers created a loftier need for the product. These advertizement and cosmetic marketing styles were soon replicated in European countries, which further increased the popularity of the advertised products in Europe.^[23]

20th century [edit]

Audition applying makeup at lecture by beautician in Los Angeles, c. 1950

During the early on 1900s, makeup was non excessively popular. In fact, women inappreciably wore makeup at all. Make-up at this time was still mostly the territory of prostitutes, those in cabarets and on the black & white screen.^[24] Face enameling (applying actual paint to the face) became popular amongst the rich at this time in an attempt to look paler. This exercise was dangerous due to the primary ingredient often being arsenic.^[25] Pale peel was associated with wealth because it meant that one was not out working in the sun and could afford to stay inside all day. Cosmetics were so unpopular that they could not be bought in department stores; they could only be bought at theatrical costume stores. A woman's "makeup routine" often only consisted of using papier poudré, a powdered paper/oil blotting sheet, to whiten the olfactory organ in the wintertime and shine their cheeks in the summertime. Rouge was considered provocative, so was only seen on "women of the night." Some women used burnt matchsticks to darken eyelashes, and geranium and poppy petals to stain the lips.^[25] Vaseline became high in demand because it was used on chapped lips, as a base of operations for hair tonic, and soap.^[25] Toilet waters were introduced in the early 1900s, but but lavender water or refined cologne was admissible for women to wear.^[26] Cosmetic deodorant was invented in 1888, past an unknown inventor from Philadelphia and was trademarked under the name Mum (deodorant). Coil-on deodorant was launched in 1952, and droplets deodorant in 1965.

Around 1910, make-upward became fashionable in the U.s.a. of America and Europe owing to the influence of ballet and theatre stars such equally Mathilde Kschessinska and Sarah Bernhardt. Colored makeup was introduced in Paris upon the arrival of the Russian Ballet in 1910, where ochers and crimsons were the most typical shades.^[27] The Daily Mirror dazzler book showed that cosmetics were now acceptable for the literate classes to wear. With that said, men often saw rouge as a mark of sex and sin, and rouging was considered an access of ugliness. In 1915, a Kansas legislature proposed to make it a misdemeanor for women nether the age of forty-four to wear cosmetics "for the purpose of creating a faux impression."^[28] The Daily Mirror was one of the start to suggest using a pencil line (eyeliner) to elongate the eye and an eyelash curler to accentuate the lashes. Eyebrow darkener was also presented in this beauty book, created from gum Standard arabic, Indian ink, and rosewater.^[29] George Burchett developed corrective tattooing during this time menstruation. He was able to tattoo on pinkish blushes, reddish lips, and dark eyebrows. He too was able to tattoo men disfigured in the First World State of war past inserting skin tones in damaged faces and by roofing scars with colors more pleasing to the eye.^[xxx] Max Factor opened upwardly a professional makeup studio for stage and screen actors in Los Angeles in 1909.^[31] Fifty-fifty though his store was intended for actors, ordinary women came in to purchase theatrical centre shadow and eyebrow pencils for their home use.

In the 1920s, the film industry in Hollywood had the about influential touch on on cosmetics. Stars such every bit Theda Bara had a substantial effect on the makeup manufacture. Helena Rubinstein was Bara's makeup artist; she created mascara for the extra, relying on her experiments with kohl.^[32] Others who saw the opportunity for the mass-market of cosmetics during this fourth dimension were Max Gene, Sr., and Elizabeth Arden. Many of the nowadays twenty-four hours makeup manufacturers were established during the 1920s and 1930s. Lipsticks were one of the near pop cosmetics of this time, more than so than rouge and powder, because they were colorful and cheap. In 1915, Maurice Levy invented the metal container for lipstick, which gave license to its mass production.^[33] The Flapper style also influenced the cosmetics of the 1920s, which embraced dark eyes, red lipstick, red nail polish, and the suntan, invented as a fashion argument by Coco Chanel. The eyebrow pencil became vastly popular in the 1920s, in part because it was technologically superior to what it had been, due to a new ingredient: hydrogenated cottonseed oil (besides the key elective of another wonder product of that era Crisco Oil).^[34] The early on commercial mascaras, like Maybelline, were simply pressed cakes containing soap and pigments. A adult female would dip a tiny brush into hot water, rub the beard on the cake, remove the excess by rolling the brush onto some blotting paper or a sponge, and then utilise the mascara as if her eyelashes were a watercolor canvas.^[34] Eugène Schueller, founder of L'Oréal, invented modern synthetic hair dye in 1907 and he also invented sunscreen in 1936.^[35] The outset patent for a boom polish was granted in 1919. Its color was a very faint pink. It's not clear how dark this rose was, simply any daughter whose nails were tipped in whatever pink darker than a baby's chroma risked gossip about being "fast."^[34] Previously, merely agricultural workers had sported suntans, while fashionable women kept their skins equally pale as possible. In the wake of Chanel'southward adoption of the suntan, dozens of new false tan products were produced to help both men and women reach the "sun-kissed" expect. In Asia, skin whitening continued to correspond the ideal of beauty, as information technology does to this twenty-four hour period.

In the time period later on the Starting time Earth War, at that place was a nail in cosmetic surgery. During the 1920s and 1930s, facial configuration and social identity dominated a plastic surgeon's world. Face-lifts were performed as early as 1920, only it wasn't until the 1960s when corrective surgery was used to reduce the signs of aging.^[36] During the twentieth century, cosmetic surgery mainly revolved around women. Men just participated in the practice if they had been disfigured by the war. Silicone implants were introduced in 1962. In the 1980s, the American Order of Plastic Surgeons made efforts to increase public awareness nearly plastic surgery. As a effect, in 1982, the United States Supreme Court granted physicians the legal right to annunciate their procedures.^[37] The optimistic and simplified nature of narrative advertisements frequently made the surgeries seem hazard-free, fifty-fifty though they were anything but. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery reported that more than 2 million Americans elected to undergo cosmetic procedures, both surgical and non-surgical, in 1998, liposuction existence the about popular. Breast augmentations ranked second, while numbers three, four, and five went to eye surgery, face up-lifts, and chemical peels.^[36]

During the 1920s, numerous African Americans participated in peel bleaching in an attempt to lighten their complexion equally well every bit hair straightening to appear whiter. Peel bleaches and hair straighteners created fortunes worth millions and deemed for a massive 30 to fifty percent of all advertisements in the black press of the decade.^[38] Ofttimes, these bleaches and straighteners were created and marketed past African American women themselves. Pare bleaches contained caustic chemicals such as hydroquinone, which suppressed the production of melanin in the peel. These bleaches could cause severe dermatitis and fifty-fifty decease in loftier dosages. Many times these regimens were used daily, increasing an individual'south risk. In the 1970s, at least 5 companies started producing make-upward for African American women. Before the 1970s, makeup shades for Blackness women were express. Face makeup and lipstick did not piece of work for nighttime skin types because they were created for pale skin tones. These cosmetics that were created for pale skin tones only made dark skin appear grayness. Eventually, makeup companies created makeup that worked for richer skin tones, such as foundations and powders that provided a natural match. Popular companies like Astarté, Afram, Libra, Flori Roberts and Fashion Off-white priced the cosmetics reasonably due to the fact that they wanted to accomplish out to the masses.^[39]

From 1939 to 1945, during the Second Globe War, cosmetics were in short supply.^[40] Petroleum and alcohol, bones ingredients of many cosmetics, were diverted into war supply. Ironically, at this fourth dimension when they were restricted, lipstick, powder, and face up cream were most desirable and about experimentation was carried out for the post war menses. Cosmetic developers realized that the war would result in a phenomenal nail afterwards, so they began preparing. Yardley, Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and the French manufacturing company became associated with "quality" after the war because they were the oldest established. Swimming'southward had this same appeal in the lower price range. Gala cosmetics were one of the first to requite its products fantasy names, such as the lipsticks in "lantern crimson" and "body of water coral."^[41]

During the 1960s and 1970s, many women in the western world influenced by feminism decided to go without any cosmetics. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can." This included cosmetics,^[42] which were among items the protestors called "instruments of female torture"^[43] and accouterments of what they perceived to exist enforced femininity.

Cosmetics in the 1970s were divided into a "natural await" for day and a more sexualized image for evening. Non-allergic makeup appeared when the blank face was in fashion as women became more interested in the chemic value of their makeup.^[44] Modern developments in engineering, such as the High-shear mixer facilitated the production of cosmetics which were more than natural looking and had greater staying ability in wear than their predecessors.^[45] The prime cosmetic of the time was eye shadow, though; women besides were interested in new lipstick colors such equally lilac, green, and silver.^[46] These lipsticks were often mixed with pale pinks and whites, so women could create their own individual shades. "Chroma-ons" came into the market place in this decade, with Revlon giving them wide publicity.^[46] This product was practical to the forehead, lower cheeks, and mentum. Contouring and highlighting the confront with white eye shadow foam also became pop. Avon introduced the lady saleswoman.^[47] In fact, the whole cosmetic industry in general opened opportunities for women in business concern as entrepreneurs, inventors, manufacturers, distributors, and promoters.^[48]

21st century [edit]

Beauty products are at present widely available from dedicated internet-simply retailers,^[49] who have more recently been joined online past established outlets, including major department stores and traditional brick-and-mortar dazzler retailers.

Like well-nigh industries, cosmetic companies resist regulation by government agencies. In the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not corroborate or review cosmetics, although information technology does regulate the colors that can be used in hair dyes. Cosmetic companies are not required to report injuries resulting from utilise of their products.^[50]

Although modern makeup has been used mainly by women traditionally, gradually an increasing number of males are using cosmetics ordinarily associated to women to enhance their own facial features. Concealer is commonly used by cosmetic-conscious men. Cosmetics brands are releasing cosmetic products specially tailored for men, and men are using such products more usually.^[51] There is some controversy over this, withal, as many feel that men who wear makeup are neglecting traditional gender roles, and do not view men wearing cosmetics in a positive light. Others, notwithstanding, view this equally a sign of increasing gender equality and experience that men also have the correct to raise their facial features with cosmetics if women do.

Today the market of cosmetics has a different dynamic compared to the 20th century. Some countries are driving this economy:

• Japan: Japan is the second largest market in the globe. Regarding the growth of this market, cosmetics in Japan accept entered a menstruum of stability. However, the market state of affairs is speedily irresolute. Now consumers can access a lot of information on the Internet and choose many alternatives, opening up many opportunities for newcomers entering the market, looking for chances to meet the diverse needs of consumers. The size of the cosmetics market for 2010 was 2286 billion yen on the basis of the value of shipments by brand manufacturer. With a growth rate of 0.1%, the marketplace was well-nigh unchanged from the previous yr.^[52]
• Russia: 1 of the most interesting emerging markets, the 5th largest in the earth in 2012, the Russian perfumery and cosmetics marketplace has shown the highest growth of 21% since 2004, reaching US$xiii.5 billion.^{[ citation needed ]}

With the imposition of lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the consistent wariness to render to salons, trends that imitate salon procedures started to emerge, such as more complicated domicile skin-care regimens, hair color preserving products, and beauty tools.^[53] Early in the pandemic, sales on makeup essentials, like foundation and lipstick, decreased past upwards to seventy% considering of quarantining and face-covering mandates.^[54]

See also [edit]

• Cosmetics
• Female person cosmetic coalitions
• Ochre
• Prehistoric fine art
• Symbolic culture
• Blombos Cavern

References [edit]

1. ^ Power, Camilla (2010). "Cosmetics, identity and consciousness". Periodical of Consciousness Studies. 17 (7–8): 73–94.
2. ^ Power, C. (2004). "Women in prehistoric art". In Berghaus, G. (ed.). New Perspectives in Prehistoric Art. Westport, CT & London: Praeger. pp. 75–104.
3. ^ Watts, Ian (2009). "Red ochre, body painting and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre". In Botha, Rudolf; Knight, Chris (eds.). The Cradle of Linguistic communication. OUP Oxford. pp. 62–92. ISBN978-0-19-156767-iv.
4. ^ Watts, Ian (ane September 2010). "The pigments from Pinnacle Point Cavern 13B, Western Cape, South Africa". Periodical of Human Development. 59 (3): 392–411. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.006. PMID 20934093.
5. ^ Lesley Adkins, Roy A. Adkins, Handbook to life in Aboriginal Hellenic republic, Oxford University Press, 1998^{[ page needed ]}
6. ^ Bruno Burlando, Luisella Verotta, Laura Cornararara, and Elisa Bottini-Massa, Herbal Principles in Cosmetics, CRC Printing, 2010
7. ^ Olson, Kelly (2009). "Cosmetics in Roman Antiquity: Substance, Remedy, Poison". Classical Globe. 102 (three): 291–310. doi:x.1353/clw.0.0098. JSTOR 40599851. Project MUSE 266767.
8. ^ Johnson, Rita (1999). "What's That Stuff? Lipstick". Chemic and Technology News. 77 (28): 31. doi:10.1021/cen-v077n028.p031.
9. ^ Sindya N. Bhanoo (18 January 2010). "Ancient Egypt's Toxic Makeup Fought Infection, Researchers Say". The New York Times.
10. ^ ^{a b} Cai, Zong-qi, ed. (2008). How to read Chinese poetry: A guided anthology. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 295. ISBN978-0-231-13941-0.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Wang, Betty. "Bloom deities mark the lunar months with stories of Love & Tragedy". Taiwan Review. Government Information Office, Republic of China. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
12. ^ West & East 中美月刊. Sino-American Cultural and Economic Association. 36–37: 9. 1991. ISSN 0043-3047 https://books.google.com/books?ei=qXyQTqOYOIqVOpbimcwN.
13. ^ ^{a b} Huo, Jianying. "Ancient Cosmetology". China Today. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
14. ^ Mei, Hua (2011). Chinese clothing. Cambridge: Cambridge Academy Press. p. 32. ISBN978-0-521-18689-six. For example, the Huadian or forehead decoration was said to accept originated in the Southward Dynasty, when the Shouyang Princess was taking a walk in the palace in early spring and a lite breeze brought a plum blossom onto her brow. The plum flower for some reason could non exist washed off or removed in any way. Fortunately, information technology looked beautiful on her, and all of a sudden became all the rage among the girls of the commoners. It is therefore called the "Shouyang makeup" or the "plum blossom makeup." This makeup was popular among the women for a long time in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
15. ^ Make-Up of Geisha and Maiko Archived 9 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Immortal Geisha. Retrieved on 29 September 2010.
16. ^ Oumeish, Oumeish Youssef (July 2001). "The cultural and philosophical concepts of cosmetics in beauty and art through the medical history of mankind". Clinics in Dermatology. 19 (4): 375–386. doi:ten.1016/s0738-081x(01)00194-8. PMID 11535377.
17. ^ Adkins, Lesley and Adkins, Roy A. (1998) Handbook to life in Ancient Greece, Oxford University Printing
18. ^ Burlando, Bruno; Verotta, Luisella; Cornara, Laura and Bottini-Massa, Elisa (2010) Herbal Principles in Cosmetics, CRC Press
19. ^ inFlux '99 | A Colorful History. Influx.uoregon.edu. Retrieved on 29 September 2010.
20. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou, Maggie. The History of Brand-up. First ed. United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland: The Macmillan Company, 1970. 41–42. Print.
21. ^ Pallingston, J (1998). Lipstick: A Celebration of the World's Favorite Cosmetic. St. Martin's Press. ISBN978-0-312-19914-2.
22. ^ Jones, G. (2010). "How Do I Look?" In Beauty Imagined (p 44-63). essay, Oxford University Press.
23. ^ ^{a b c} Jones, 1000 (2010). "How Exercise I Look?" In Beauty Imagined. Oxford Academy Printing. pp. 44–63.
24. ^ Sava, Sanda (5 May 2016). "A history of Brand-up & Fashion: 1900-1910". sandasava.com . Retrieved xix May 2016.
25. ^ ^{a b c} Angeloglou 1970, p. 113.
26. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 114.
27. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 115.
28. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 55.
29. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 116.
30. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 117.
31. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 58.
32. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 119.
33. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 125.
34. ^ ^{a b c} Teresa Riordan. Inventing Beauty. (New York: Broadway Books, 2004).^{[ page needed ]}
35. ^ 50'Oréal. Loreal.com (eight December 2009). (accessed on 29 September 2010).
36. ^ ^{a b} Haiken, Elizabeth (2000). "The Making of the Modern Face up: Cosmetic Surgery". Social Research. 67 (i): 81–97. JSTOR 40971379. PMID 17099986.
37. ^ Lee, Shu-Yueh; Clark, Naeemah (2014). "The Normalization of Cosmetic Surgery in Women'south Magazines from 1960 to 1989". Journal of Magazine Media. 15 (1). doi:ten.1353/jmm.2014.0014. Project MUSE 773691.
38. ^ Dorman, Jacob S. (1 June 2011). "Pare bleach and civilisation: the racial formation of blackness in 1920s Harlem" (PDF). Journal of Pan African Studies. iv (4): 47–81. Gale A306514735.
39. ^ "Modern Living: Black Cosmetics". Fourth dimension Mag. 29 June 1970. (accessed 9 February 2010).
40. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 127.
41. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 131.
42. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. six (1): 127–149. doi:x.1353/rap.2003.0028. S2CID 143094250.
43. ^ Duffett, Judith (October 1968). WLM vs. Miss America. Vocalization of the Women's Liberation Movement. p. 4.
44. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 138.
45. ^ "Cosmetics and Personal Care Products Naobay". Charles Ross & Son Company. (accessed 7 June 2009).
46. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, p. 135.
47. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 137.
48. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 5.
49. ^ "Lessons from categorising the entire dazzler products sector (Part 1)". p. 1. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
50. ^ "Cosmetics and your health." womensheatlh.gov.nd.web.four nov 2004
51. ^ "Archived re-create". Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2011. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy equally title (link)
52. ^ ""The Japanese cosmetics market is actively changing," Hajime Suzuki, Cosme Tokyo". Premium Beauty News.
53. ^ "The dazzler trends customers are ownership during Covid-19". Faddy Business. 10 Baronial 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
54. ^ "Sleeping beauty halls: how Covid-xix upended the 'lipstick index'". the Guardian. eighteen December 2020. Retrieved ii April 2022.

Sources [edit]

• Angeloglou, Maggie (1970). A History of Make-up. Macmillan. OCLC 615683528.
• Peiss, Kathy Lee (1998). Hope in a Jar: The Making of America's Beauty Culture. Metropolitan Books. ISBN978-0-8050-5550-4.

External links [edit]

• Early on 19th Century Cosmetics in England during the British Regency
• Naked face project: Women try no-makeup experiment - USATODAY.com (28 March 2012)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cosmetics

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